Higher Income Individuals Beware
- Mariko Hayashi-Hall
- Jul 28, 2022
- 11 min read
Article Highlights:
Increase in Capital Gains Rate for Certain High-Income Individuals
Application of Net Investment Income Tax to Trade or Business Income
Limitations on Excess Business Losses of Noncorporate Taxpayers
Investment of IRA Assets in Entities Where Owner Has a Substantial Interest
Termination of Employer Credit for Paid Family Leave and Medical Leave
Temporary Rule to Allow Certain S Corporations to Reorganize as Partnerships Without Tax
Enhancement of Work Opportunity Credit During COVID-19 Recovery Period
The House Ways and Means Committee has released an extensive list of proposed tax changes that impact individual, retirement, international and corporate tax law. We have been selective and have only included a portion of the proposed changes. A full list of proposed changes is available from the PDF file titled Responsibility Funding Our Priorities.
As you read through the article, you will quickly realize that the provisions are aimed at higher-income taxpayers. The full list available from the link above includes numerous provisions not included in this article and are primarily related to corporate foreign transactions.
Increase in Corporate Tax Rate
This provision replaces the flat corporate income tax with a graduated rate structure. The rate structure provides for a rate of 18 percent on the first $400,000 of income, 21 percent on income up to $5 million, and a rate of 26.5% on income thereafter. The benefit of the graduated rate phases out for corporations making more than $10,000,000. Personal services corporations are not eligible for graduated rates. The domestic dividends received deduction is adjusted to hold constant the tax on domestic corporate-to-corporate dividends.
Increase in Top Marginal Individual Income Tax Rate
The provision increases the top marginal individual income tax rate to 39.6%. This marginal rate applies to married individuals filing jointly with taxable income over $450,000, to heads of households with taxable income over $425,000, to unmarried individuals with taxable income over $400,000, to married individuals filing separate returns with taxable income over $225,000, and to estates and trusts with taxable income over $12,500. The amendments made by this section apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021
Increase in Capital Gains Rate for Certain High-Income Individuals
The provision increases the capital gains rate to 25%. The amendments made by this section apply to taxable years ending after the date of introduction of this Act. A transition rule provides that the preexisting statutory rate of 20% continues to apply to gains and losses for the portion of the taxable year prior to the date of introduction. Gains recognized later in the same taxable year that arise from transactions entered into before the date of introduction according to a written binding contract are treated as occurring before the date of introduction.
Deduction for Certain Employee Trade or Business Expenses
The provision allows up to $250 in dues to a labor organization to be claimed as an above-the-line deduction. The provision is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021.
Application of Net Investment Income Tax to Trade or Business Income
This provision expands the net investment income tax to cover net investment income derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business for taxpayers with greater than $400,000 in taxable income (single filer) or $500,000 (joint filer) as for trusts and estates. The provision clarifies that this tax is not assessed on wages on which FICA is already imposed. Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021.
Limitation Qualified Business Income Deduction
The provision amends IRC Sec 199A pass-through deduction by setting the maximum allowable deduction at $500,000 in the case of a joint return, $400,000 for an individual return, $250,000 for a married individual filing a separate return and $10,000 for a trust or estate. (Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021).
Limitations on Excess Business Losses of Noncorporate Taxpayers
This provision permanently disallows excess business losses (i.e., net business deductions more than business income) for non-corporate taxpayers. The provision allows taxpayers whose losses are disallowed to carry those losses forward to the next succeeding taxable year. Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021.
Surcharge on High-Income Individuals, Trusts, and Estates
This provision imposes a tax equal to 3% of a taxpayer’s modified adjusted gross income of more than $5,000,000 ($2,500,000 for married individuals filing separately). Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021.
Termination of Temporary Increase in Unified Credit
This provision terminates the temporary increase in the unified credit against estate and gift taxes, which for 2021 is $11,700,000, reverting the credit to its 2010 level of $5,000,000 per individual, indexed for inflation.
Estate Tax Valuation for Real Property Used in Farming
This provision would increase the special valuation reduction available for qualified real property used in a family farm or family business. This reduction allows decedents who own real property used in a farm or business to value the property for estate tax purposes based on its actual use rather than fair market value. This provision increases the allowable reduction from $750,000 to $11,700,000.
Certain Tax Rules Applicable to Grantor Trusts
This provision adds IRC Sec 2901, which pulls grantor trusts into a decedent’s taxable estate when the decedent is the deemed owner of the trusts. Before this provision, taxpayers were able to use grantor trusts to push assets out of their estate while closely controlling the trust.
The provision also adds a new section 1062, which treats sales between grantor trusts and their deemed owner as equivalent to sales between the owner and a third party. The amendments made by this section apply only to future trusts and future transfers.
Valuation Rules for Certain Transfers of Nonbusiness Assets
This provision clarifies that when a taxpayer transfers nonbusiness assets, those assets should not be afforded a valuation discount for transfer tax purposes. Exceptions are provided for assets used in hedging transactions or as working capital of a business. A look-through rule provides that when a passive asset consists of a 10-percent interest in some other entity, the rule is applied by treating the holder as holding its ratable share of the assets of that other entity directly. The amendments made by this section apply to transfers after the date of the enactment of this Act.
Contribution Limits for Individual Retirement Plans
Under current law, taxpayers may contribute to IRAs irrespective of how much they already have saved in such accounts. To avoid subsidizing retirement savings once account balances reach very high levels, the legislation creates new rules for taxpayers with large IRA and defined contribution retirement account balances.
Specifically, the legislation prohibits further contributions to a Roth or traditional IRA for a taxable year if the total value of an individual’s IRA and defined contribution retirement accounts generally exceed $10 million as of the end of the prior taxable year. The limit on contributions would only apply to single taxpayers (or taxpayers married filing separately) with taxable income over $400,000, married taxpayers filing jointly with taxable income over $450,000, and heads of households with taxable income over $425,000 (all indexed for inflation).
The legislation also adds a new annual reporting requirement for employer-defined contribution plans on more than $2.5 million aggregate account balances. The reporting would be to both the Internal Revenue Service and the plan participant whose reported balance. Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021.
Increase in Minimum Required Distributions
If an individual’s combined traditional IRA, Roth IRA, and defined contribution retirement account balances generally exceed $10 million at the end of a taxable year, a minimum distribution would be required for the following year. This minimum distribution is only required if the taxpayer’s taxable income is above the thresholds described in the section above (e.g., $450,000 for a joint return). The minimum distribution generally is 50 percent of the amount by which the individual’s prior year aggregate traditional IRA, Roth IRA, and defined contribution account balance exceeds the $10 million limit.
In addition, to the extent that the combined balance amount in traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, and defined contribution plans exceeds $20 million, the excess must be distributed from Roth IRAs. Roth designated accounts in defined contribution plans up to the lesser of (1) the amount needed to bring the total balance in all accounts down to $20 million or (2) the aggregate balance in the Roth IRAs and designated Roth accounts in defined contribution plans. Once the individual distributes the amount of any excess required under this 100 percent distribution rule, the individual can determine the accounts from which to distribute to satisfy the 50 percent distribution rule above. Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021.
Limiting Back Door IRA Conversions
Under current law, contributions to Roth IRAs have income limitations. For example, the income range for single taxpayers for making contributions to Roth IRAs for 2021 is $125,000 to $140,000. Those single taxpayers with income above $140,000 generally are not permitted to make Roth IRA contributions.
In 2010, the similar income limitations for Roth IRA conversions were repealed, which allowed anyone to contribute to a Roth IRA through a conversion. Irrespective of the still-in-force income limitations for Roth IRA contributions. As an example, if a person exceeds the income limitation for contributions to a Roth IRA, he or she can make a nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA—and then shortly thereafter convert the nondeductible contribution from the traditional IRA to a Roth IRA.
To close these so-called “back-door” Roth IRA strategies, the bill eliminates Roth conversions for both IRAs and employer-sponsored plans for single taxpayers (or taxpayers married filing separately) with taxable income over $400,000, married taxpayers filing jointly with taxable income over $450,000, and heads of households with taxable income over $425,000 (all indexed for inflation). This provision applies to distributions, transfers, and contributions made in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2031.
Furthermore, this section prohibits all employee after-tax contributions in qualified plans. It prohibits after-tax IRA contributions from being converted to Roth regardless of income level, effective for distributions, transfers, and contributions made after December 31, 2021.
Statute of Limitations with Respect to IRA Noncompliance
The bill expands the statute of limitations for IRA noncompliance related to valuation-related misreporting and prohibited transactions from 3 years to 6 years to help IRS pursue these violations that may have originated outside the current statute’s 3-year window. This provision applies to taxes to which the current 3-year period ends after December 31, 2021.
Investment of IRA Assets in Entities Where Owner Has a Substantial Interest
To prevent self-dealing, under current law prohibited transaction rules, an IRA owner cannot invest his or her IRA assets in a corporation, partnership, trust, or estate in which he or she has a 50 percent or greater interest. However, an IRA owner can invest IRA assets in a business in which he or she owns, for example, one-third of the business while also acting as the CEO. The bill adjusts the 50 percent threshold to 10 percent for investments that are not tradable on an established securities market, regardless of whether the IRA owner has a direct or indirect interest. The bill also prevents investing in an entity in which the IRA owner is an officer.
Further, the bill modifies the rule to be an IRA requirement rather than a prohibited transaction rule (i.e., to be an IRA, it must meet this requirement). This section generally takes effect for tax years beginning after December 31, 2021. Still, there is a 2-year transition period for IRAs already holding these investments.
IRA Owners Treated as Disqualified Persons
The bill clarifies that, for purposes of applying the prohibited transaction rules concerning an IRA, the IRA owner (including an individual who inherits an IRA as beneficiary after the IRA owner’s death) is always a disqualified person. This section applies to transactions occurring after December 31, 2021.
Funding of the Internal Revenue Service
This provision appropriates $78,935,000,000 for necessary expenses for the IRS for strengthening tax enforcement activities and increasing voluntary compliance, and modernizing information technology to effectively support enforcement activities. No use of these funds is intended to increase taxes on any taxpayer with taxable income below $400,000. Further, $410,000,000 is appropriated for necessary expenses for the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration to oversee the IRS. Finally, $157,000,000 is appropriated for the Tax Court for adjudicating tax disputes. These appropriated funds are to remain available until September 30, 2031.
Limiting Qualified Conservation Contribution Deductions
To curb syndicated conservation easement tax shelters, this provision denies a charitable deduction for contributions of conservation easements by partnerships and other pass-through entities if the amount of the contribution (and therefore the deduction) exceeds 2.5 times the sum of each partner’s adjusted basis in the partnership that relates to the donated property. This general disallowance rule does not apply to donations of property that meet the requirements of the 3-year holding period rule and contributions by family partnerships. In addition, certain taxpayers whose deeds are found to have certain defects and are notified by the Commissioner can correct such defects within 90 days of the notice. This ability to cure does not apply in reportable transactions and transactions for which deduction is disallowed under this section.
Various accuracy-related penalties apply, including gross valuation misstatement penalty, and adjustments are made to the statute of limitations on assessment and collection by the IRS in case of any disallowance of a deduction because of this provision.
This section applies to contributions made after December 23, 2016 (the date of the relevant IRS Notice). In the case of contributions of easements related to the preservation of certified historic structures, this section applies to contributions made in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2018. The ability to cure defective deeds are permitted for returns filed after the date of
the enactment and for returns filed on or before such date if the section 6501 period has not expired as of such date.
Limitation on Deduction of Excessive Employee Remuneration
This provision moves up the effective date of the amendment to section 162(m) in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA) to tax years following December 31, 2021. The ARPA expanded the set of applicable employees under section 162(m) to include the eight most highly compensated officers other than the principal executive and principal financial officers for a taxable year, beginning in tax years after December 31, 2026. The additional five employees scoped in under the ARPA amendment are not considered permanent covered employees for the section. The provision also applies the section 414 aggregation rules for covered health insurance providers to the general rule under section 162(m), expands the IRS’s regulatory authority under the general rule, and expands the definition of applicable employee remuneration.
Termination of Employer Credit for Paid Family Leave and Medical Leave
This provision accelerates termination of employer credit for wages paid to employees during family and medical leave to taxable years beginning after 2023. Currently, the credit will terminate for wages paid in taxable years beginning after 2025.
Temporary Rule to Allow Certain S Corporations to Reorganize as Partnerships Without Tax
This provision allows eligible S corporations to reorganize as partnerships without such reorganizations triggering tax. Eligible S corporation means any corporation that was an S corporation on May 13, 1996 (before the publication of current law “check the box” regulations concerning entity classification). The eligible S corporation must completely liquidate and transfer all its assets and liabilities substantially to a domestic partnership during the two-year period beginning on December 31, 2021.
Enhancement of Work Opportunity Credit During COVID-19 Recovery Period
This provision increases the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) to 50% for the first $10,000 in wages through December 31, 2023, for all WOTC targeted groups except for summer youth employees. The increase is also available for qualified wages earned by a WOTC target group employee in his or her second year of employment (current law limits allow WOTC to be claimed only on first-year wages).
Research and Experimental Expenditures
This provision delays the effective date of section 13206 of Public Law 115-97. That section provides amortization of the research and experimental expenditures starting taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021. Under this provision, the amortization of research and experimental expenditures will begin for the amount paid or incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2025.
Of course, these are all proposed changes that must pass Congress. But this article provides advance notice of these proposed changes and the opportunity to plan your tax strategies should they become law. Please give this office a call if we can be of assistance.
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